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Dutch researchers have developed a computer model that calculates the rate at which salt and moisture penetrate reinforced concrete. The model can be used for both the design of new concrete structures as well as analysing the lifespan of existing ones. Sander Meijers from Delft University of Technology studied the relationship between moisture transport and salt penetration in concrete. Concrete structures such as bridges and dams are designed with as long a lifespan as possible. If these structures are built in the sea or are exposed a lot to gritting salt then the reinforcement rods in the concrete eventually rust over the course of time. The consequences are damage and generally expensive repairs. The researchers built a computer model that calculated how concrete responded to being exposed to salt and moisture. The model can process various external temperatures, humidities and salt concentrations. Furthermore, it can deal with so-called carbonate effects. These are changes in the chemical composition of the concrete that can result in different moisture characteristics. The software developed can calculate a number of linked transport phenomena simultaneously. This means that reactions of concrete under various temperatures and degrees of humidity can be calculated. Various studies were carried out to observe how salt penetrates concrete. For example, the researchers have used the model to show moisture transport in cement stone. Calculations have also been performed for concrete blocks submerged in seawater. In addition to this the researchers have studied how concrete responds to periodic exposure to salty water. Meijers' model and the associated software can be used for both the design of new concrete structures as well as the analysis of existing ones. With this it is possible to simulate how concrete is affected by various factors.