VISUALIZATION

Subtropical diseases lay waste to millions of people each year. In the quest to find a cure scientists are using Grid computing, the major driving force for new approaches towards collaborative large-scale science, to discover new drugs and better understand the diseases. Currently drug discovery seeks compounds that can inhibit or kill invading parasites and infections, but there are potentially millions of candidate compounds. It can take 10 years to discover a drug and another 10 to get it approved. Grid technology, where the resources of many computers in a network are applied to a single problem at the same time, however, can reduce candidate compounds from millions to thousands or even hundreds, isolating the most promising candidates and speeding up the discovery process. The process is urgent. Last year there were about 350-500 million infections and approximately 1.3 million deaths due to malaria, mainly in the tropics. Malaria is spread by female mosquitoes, which carry protozoan parasites called Plasmodium. Last year there were almost 200,000 cases of Dengue and almost 1,200 people died. The new research is particularly important because these diseases are comparatively neglected by large pharmaceutical companies. "The idea for malaria came from a conversation I had with a friend, a pastor who works in Burkino-Faso, who told me that malaria is the biggest problem faced by the country," says Dr Vincent Breton, Research Associate at the Corpuscular Physics Laboratory of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS-IN2P3) in Clermont-Ferrand. Breton says he was looking for a biomedical project to run on the Sixth Framework Programme-financed Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE) project’s Grid and the conversation inspired him to focus on neglected diseases. "Quite often it's just the developed world that benefits from high-technology like Grid computing. I wanted Grids to benefit Africa," says Breton. Helping to discover better drugs Two European projects are currently searching for candidate treatments, the EGEE-based Wide In Silico Docking on Malaria (WISDOM), and Swiss Bio Grid's DENGUE project. This type of research contrasts with in vitro and in vivo approaches and is now a hugely important first step in large-scale biological analyses. Here's how it works. Using the FlexX software developed at the Fraunhofer Institute and donated by the BioSolveIT company, WISDOM used the EGEE Grid to match 3-dimensional structures of proteins from the malarial parasite to ligands, chemical compounds that bind to protein receptors. "Grids are particularly well suited to drug discovery because you can compute the probability for one ligand to fit, or ‘dock’, to one protein on each computer node in the Grid, giving massive parallelism," says Breton. It takes between a few seconds and a few minutes to model whether there's a match between a protein and a ligand, and the WISDOM project performed the equivalent of 80 CPU-years of calculations in just six weeks. That's the power of Grid technology. Analysis of WISDOM results at the Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI) in Germany, joint instigators and participants of the WISDOM project alongside CNRS-IN2P3 in France, allowed the 1,000 most promising compounds out of 1 million candidates to be selected using a relative ranking scale between different ligands. The project identified both known candidates and new ones, which demonstrated the validity of the approach. "Now we will use a supercomputer to even more precisely model the match between the candidate ligands and the proteins," says Breton. Refined docking requires intensive computation because researchers must account for molecular dynamics. "There are a lot of atoms and we want to model how they interact with each other to further refine the ranking order of candidate compounds," says Dr Breton. Grid computing works excellently for computation of large data sets that can be broken down into discrete tasks, while supercomputers excel at modelling highly interconnected data sets. Grids aid with epidemiology Drug discovery is probably the most exciting use of Grid technology in the battle against disease, but it is not the only one. The Africa@home project, similar to the Seti@home project, allows people to donate idle CPU cycles in a distributed infrastructure to perform epidemiological modelling. This enables researchers to calculate the impact of vaccines, for example, or the spread of a disease. "But that's not the only way to use Grids in epidemiology," says Breton. "They could also be used to federate databases collecting data on infection and treatment in malaria and Dengue, but also in HIV. This is vitally important information that is currently very difficult to collect in Africa." Right now the WISDOM project will refine the rankings of promising candidate compounds, and it is in discussion with the DENGUE project about combining their efforts. There are also discussions to use Grids for other neglected diseases such as sleeping sickness. "This project shows the importance of Grid technology, and the value of a resource like EGEE," concludes Breton.