Malicious software activities, commonly known as “malware,” represent a big threat to modern society.

A UTSA-led research team is investigating ways to accurately predict these attacks. Mechanical Engineering Professor Yusheng Feng and doctoral student Van Trieu-Do in the Margie and Bill Klesse College of Engineering and Integrated Design, in collaboration with professor Shouhuai Xu from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, are studying how to use mathematical tools and supercomputer simulation to foresee cyberattacks.

According to the recent findings by the Atlas VPN team, blockchain hackers netted nearly $1.3 billion in 78 hack events throughout Q1 2022. In addition, hacks on Ethereum and Solana's ecosystems attributed to over $1 billion in losses alone during this quarter.

The current pervasive security threats motivated the UTSA researchers to develop and use cyber defense tools and sensors to monitor the threats and collect data, which can be used for various purposes in developing defense mechanisms.

“The current damages call for studies to understand and characterize cyber attacks from different perspectives and at various levels of intrusion. There are multiple variables that go into predicting the potential damage these attacks may cause as the aggressors get more sophisticated,” said Feng.

Using predictive situational awareness analysis, the team studied the distinctive nature of the attacks to accurately predict the threats that target and potentially harm personal devices, servers, and networks.

“Most studies on cyberattacks focus on microscopic levels of abstractions, meaning how to defend against a particular attack,” Feng said. “Cyber attackers can successfully break in by exploiting a single weakness in a computer system.”

The study aims to analyze the macroscopic levels of abstractions.

“Such macroscopic-level studies are important because they would offer insights towards holistic solutions to defending cyberattacks,” he added.

Feng explains, “It’s very hard to single out the cause of each attack, however, we have big data with time series for each IP address (location). In this research, we use ‘causality’ when there are inter-relationships among IP addresses that have similar patterns of temporal features for identifying the threat.”

The researchers utilized Granger causality (G-causality) to study the vulnerabilities from a regional perspective of multiple threats, analyzing the cause and effect to identify cyber vulnerabilities or how the infiltrators attack an entity, in this case, IP addresses.

G-causality is a statistical concept of causation that is based on prediction, to characterize causality, a well-defined mathematical notion has to be established. The research team used Granger causality to determine the nature of the cyberattack signals so the signals can be compared and analyzed holistically.

The team also plans to expand the current body of research and study further what other kinds of causality will impact users and how to develop the appropriate defense tools to protect against sophisticated attacks.

A team from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, BarcelonaTech is working with scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (Brazil), and the Delft University of Technology (Netherlands) on a project to develop a technology that will revolutionize the protection of rainforest biodiversity. The project participates in the XPRIZE Rainforest, a 10-million-dollar international competition to transform our understanding of the complexity of rainforests. 

Providence+, a team of scientists led by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech (UPC), is the only Spanish team among the 36 international groups from 18 countries selected to participate in the XPRIZE Rainforest. Promoted by the XPRIZE Foundation, the 10-million-dollar XPRIZE Rainforest is a five-year competition that challenges scientists around the world to develop novel technologies to rapidly and comprehensively survey rainforest biodiversity and use that data to improve our understanding of this ecosystem and protect its biodiversity. The XPRIZE Rainforest also promotes business investment to develop new, just, and sustainable bioeconomics.

Teams competing in the XPRIZE Rainforest are required to develop a technological solution to survey the most biodiversity contained in 100 hectares of tropical rainforest in 24 hours and produce impactful insights within 48 hours. The deadline for developing and presenting the entries is spring 2023, then 10 teams will advance to finals. In late April 2024, the winners of the first, second, and third prizes will be announced.

Preserving the value of rainforests

Rainforests are critical to the survival of the human race. They play a key role in stabilizing the climate by absorbing CO2 and releasing the oxygen on which we depend. They cover less than 10% of the Earth’s land surface, but they house some 50 million inhabitants and over 50% of the planet’s biodiversity. Although they are the most biodiverse ecosystems, there is limited knowledge of them. The value of the standing trees and the species that live there is not fully understood and our ability to gain more knowledge is restricted because the rainforest environment is dense, vast, and complex.

Protecting these ecosystems from deforestation is, therefore, more necessary than ever. The rapid disappearance of tropical forests is also leading to the extinction of an alarming number of species. Despite all this, adequate tools and methods have not still been developed to monitor the conditions of most wildlife at the speed and scale required to effectively mitigate their decline. Technology can help expand this knowledge and reveal unknown aspects.

Listening to species with sensors, drones, and robots

Providence+ aims to take the pulse of rainforests using a set of specific bio-indicators to monitor species in real-time. This will help assess population dynamics and the eco-acoustic indices of the biodiversity of these forests.

This project was preceded in 2016 by technology developed by the UPC’s Bioacoustic Applications Laboratory (LAB) and the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (Brasil) within the framework of the Providence initiative to monitor and understand wildlife: the Providence nodes, a network of sensors that are currently and constantly monitoring biodiversity under the canopy of tropical forests. The system also identifies, through images and sounds, a large number of species, more than any other technology has been able to so far. With wireless data transmission and low energy consumption, it is designed to operate for long periods with no need for maintenance.

Now the Providence+ scientific team will enhance the function of the current nodes and include computer vision techniques to identify plants in these forests. They will also introduce non-motorized robots and drones to monitor hundreds of species in real-time, for the first time without human input on-site. The new sensor system will incorporate environmental DNA exploration technology (to explore air, water, and soil) to detect the historical presence of both animal and plant species based on samples that may just contain fur, feathers, or tracks.

Researchers also plan to scale up the implementation of Providence nodes in other rainforest regions and other similar biomes. The sustainable use of this new technology, within a responsible bio-economy, will improve research and protect rainforest health.

An investment of more than 1.5 million euros is required to develop the technologies for Providence+. Therefore, the UPC has launched a fundraising program to channel contributions from private investors, sponsors, and donors. It can be accessed at: providenceplus.upc.edu

An interdisciplinary and international team

Providence+ is coordinated by researcher Michel André, director of the Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics (LAB), a pioneering center in monitoring biodiversity and the effects of climate change and human activities on the planet’s most fragile habitats. Linked to the UPC’s Vilanova i la Geltrú School of Engineering (EPSEVG), the LAB has developed the world’s largest bioacoustic database, from the deep ocean to the Amazon rainforest, allowing real-time visualization and monitoring of wildlife and biodiversity worldwide.

The UPC team working on the Providence+ project is made up of the Image and Video Processing Group; the Wireless Networks Group; the Signal Processing and Communications group; the NanoSat Lab; the Visualisation, Virtual Reality, and Graphic Interaction Research Group; the Institute of Robotics and Industrial Informatics—a joint center of the UPC and the Spanish National Research Council—and the LAB.

The team also involves researcher Antonio Torralba, head of the Artificial Intelligence and Decision-Making (AI+D) Faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US; Javier Alonso-Mora, director of the Autonomous Multi-Robots Lab at the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), The Netherlands; and Emiliano Esterci Ramalho, technical director of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Brazil, which co-leads the Providence project.

In this context of ongoing work, the UPC will confer an honorary doctoral degree on MIT researcher Antonio Torralba on Friday 11 March. Torralba is a graduate of the UPC’s Barcelona School of Telecommunications Engineering (ETSETB). The ceremony will take place within the framework of the 50th anniversary of the School.

Radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity

The XPRIZE Foundation is a non-profit organization that aims to bring about radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity. Through large-scale competition, it attracts investment from outside the sector to inspire research and technological development that will help to solve the world’s grand challenges.

So far, XPRIZE challenges have dealt with space exploration, life sciences, energy, education, and, more recently, the creation of fast and inexpensive COVID-19 tests.