Being in-between living and non-living, viruses are, in general, strange. Among viruses, multipartite viruses are among the most peculiar—their genome is not packed into one, but many, particles. Multipartite viruses primarily infect plants rather than animals. A recent paper by researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) uses mathematical and computational models to explain this observation.

Multipartite viruses have a strange lifestyle. Their genome is split up into different viral particles that, in principle, propagate independently. Completing the replication cycle, however, requires the full genome such that persistent infection of a host requires the concurrent presence of all types of particles (see Fig. 1). The origin of multipartite viruses is an evolutionary puzzle. Apart from why they can have such a costly lifestyle, the most peculiar thing about them is that almost all known multipartite viruses infect either plants or fungi—very few viral species infect animals.

So far, most theoretical research has been trying focusing on explaining how it is viable to have the genome split into different particles. This paper provides a theoretical explanation of why multipartite viruses primarily infect plants. {module In-article}

There have been great efforts to understand the mechanisms that give multipartite viruses an advantage that can compensate for their peculiar and costly lifestyle, and this is not yet a solved problem. Also, our understanding of why most multipartite viruses infect only plants is limited. In a recent work, published in Physical Review Letters, Petter Holme of the World Research Hub Initiative, Tokyo Tech, and colleagues from China and the USA, have explained why multipartite viruses primarily infect plants. In their work, the authors formulated a minimal network-epidemiological model.

They used mathematical models and supercomputer simulations to show that multipartite viruses colonize a structured population (representing the interaction patterns among plants) with less resistance, compared to a well-mixed population (representing the interaction patterns among animals). This is thus an explanation of why multipartite viruses infect plants rather than animals.

The researchers from Tokyo Tech continue to investigate the epidemiology of different types of infectious diseases by theoretical methods. At the moment, they are interested in the more common disease spreading scenarios such as how influenza spreads in cities and how that could be mitigated.

Researchers describe a way of measuring a quantum system while keeping its superposition intact

Quantum physics is difficult and explaining it even more so. Associate Professor Holger F. Hofmann from Hiroshima University and Kartik Patekar from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay have tried to solve one of the biggest puzzles in quantum physics: how to measure the quantum system without changing it? 

Their new paper published this month has found that by reading the information observed from a quantum system away from the system itself researchers can determine its state, depending on the method of analysis. Although the analysis is completely removed from the quantum system, it is possible to restore the initial superposition of possible outcomes by a careful reading of the quantum data.

"Normally we would search for something by looking. But in this case looking changes the object, this is the problem with quantum mechanics. We can use complicated maths to describe it, but how can we be sure that mathematics describes what is really there? When we measure something there is a trade-off and the other possibilities of what it could be are lost. You cannot find out about anything without an interaction, you pay a price in advance." explains Hofmann. {module In-article}

During Patekar's month-long stay at Hiroshima University when he was an undergraduate student, the two physicists tried to imagine ways of measuring the system without "paying the price" i.e. keeping the system's superposition or meaning that the system can exist in all states. In order to understand their results Hofmann describes their findings using the well-known physics story of Schrödinger's cat: 

Schrödinger's cat is in a box and the scientists don't know whether it is dead or alive. A camera is set up looking into the box that takes a photo from a position outside of the box. The photo taken of the cat comes out blurry; we can see there is a cat but not whether it is dead or alive. The flash from the camera has also removed a "quantum tag" marking the superposition of the cat. This photo is now entangled with the fate of the cat i.e. we can decide what happened to the cat by processing this photo in a certain way.

The photo could then be taken away from the box and processed on a computer or in a darkroom. Depending on what method is used to process the photo, we can find out either if the cat is alive or dead, or what the flash did to the cat, restoring the quantum tag. The choice of the reader determines what we know about the cat. We can find out if it's dead/alive or restore the quantum tag that was removed when the picture was taken, but not both.

This is only a step forward in our understanding of quantum mechanics. Today its full application remains confined to expert-level systems like quantum supercomputers, although some of its aspects can also be used in precise measurements, and for secure communication using quantum cryptography. 

"This is a key part of my research. I really wanted to understand why this quantum weirdness is there. I focused on measurements because that's where the weirdness comes from!" says Hofmann.